May 21, 1985

What point have we reached? Well, we are now at the point of defining the second stage of the speaking film, whose beginnings date from the start of the post-war period, roughly, the second stage of speaking films which defines modern cinema since, once again, the border of the classical and modern did not seem to us to be speaking itself, but much more, a second stage of the speaking film which we have yet to define. And … we must define it, on one hand, by an “autonomy” that the speech act would acquire, which obviously implies that the speech act changes in nature. An autonomy taken by the speech act, this is the first point. Second point: this necessarily implies that the sound image itself, or rather it implies that sound ceases to be a component of the visual image and becomes an image in its own right. … Moreover, it will imply a disjunction of the sound image and the visual image — not necessarily a contradiction — but a disjunction of the sound image and the visual image. Third point:… if sound becomes an image, we’ll have to give a sense, or try to give a sense, to the idea that classical cinema refused, rejected: the idea of ​​a sound framing specific to the sound element. As a result, we find ourselves faced with this thesis that we are dragging along, but that we have not really tackled: in modern cinema, there is no longer an out-of-field (hors-champ).

Seminar Introduction

As he starts the fourth year of his reflections on relations between cinema and philosophy, Deleuze explains that the method of thought has two aspects, temporal and spatial, presupposing an implicit image of thought, one that is variable, with history. He proposes the chronotope, as space-time, as the implicit image of thought, one riddled with philosophical cries, and that the problematic of this fourth seminar on cinema will be precisely the theme of “what is philosophy?’, undertaken from the perspective of this encounter between the image of thought and the cinematographic image.

For archival purposes, the English translations are based on the original transcripts from Paris 8, all of which have been revised with reference to the BNF recordings available thanks to Hidenobu Suzuki, and with the generous assistance of Marc Haas.

English Translation

Edited

Antoninoni’s Red Desert, 1964

[Please note that this transcript here varies from the transcript order in the corresponding session on Web Deleuze and the Paris 8 sites, where the transcripts’ sections 2 and 3 are reversed. The version here follows the recording’s order, with part 3 connecting with discussion of Charles Péguy at the end of part 2 and ending with Deleuze dismissing the class.]

Deleuze rapidly reviews the bases of discussion of spoken cinema, and following review of previous sessions, Deleuze emphasizes the importance of music to the autonomous status of the sound image and framing in relation to the visual image. Recalling having identified two kinds of speech acts, interactional and reflexive, Deleuze says that the “thunderclap” comes with the sound image itself maintaining its autonomy, itself becoming image, and suggesting the existence of a third type of speech act, Deleuze reexamines the technique of indirect free style (cf. Rohmer and Bresson). His purpose is to determine how the speech act is expressed when the sound element becomes an autonomous image, and then to ponder what such a speech act would consist of. This speech act is linked to the lie as an act of fabulation (cf. Robbe-Grillet, Rohmer, Jean Rouch, Pierre Perrault, Pasolini), then Deleuze returns to the any-space-whatever (espace quelconque) in modern cinema. As the sound image becomes autonomous, the visual image becomes telluric, tectonic (cf. Antonioni, Pasolini, and the Straubs), concluding that when the sound image and visual image become “heautonomous”, i.e., respectively autonomous in relation to one another, the sound image refers to a new type of speech act (the act of fabulation), and the visual image creates the event while also referring to a new kind of space, telluric space, tectonic space, geological space, buried within the event. [Much of the development corresponds to The Time-Image, chapter 9.]

Gilles Deleuze

Seminar on Cinema and Thought, 1984-1985

Lecture 23, 21 May 1985 (Cinema Course 89)

Transcription: La voix de Deleuze, Magalí Bilbao Cuestas, Correction : Sidney Sadowski (Part 1), Nadia Ouis (Part 2) and Anselme Chapoy-Favier (Part 3); additional revisions to the transcription and time stamp, Charles J. Stivale

English Translation Forthcoming

Notes

For archival purposes, this version’s running order varies from the transcript of the corresponding session on Web Deleuze and the Paris 8 sites where sections 2 and 3 are reversed. This version’s order was revised in January 2020 so that part 3 starts with discussion of Charles Péguy (where part 2 ends) and ends with Deleuze dismissing the class. The augmented version of the complete transcription with time stamp was completed in September 2021. Additional revisions were added in February 2024.

Lectures in this Seminar

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Reading Date: October 30, 1984
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Reading Date: June 18, 1985
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