November 6, 1984

And the last time I said, well, it was in three ways that the first cinema launched these declarations, which today, once again, seem to us a bit like museum statements. On one hand, it was cinema as a new thought, on the other hand, cinema as art of the masses, on the other hand, finally, cinema as universal language, or sometimes what they named “proto-language”.

Seminar Introduction

As he starts the fourth year of his reflections on relations between cinema and philosophy, Deleuze explains that the method of thought has two aspects, temporal and spatial, presupposing an implicit image of thought, one that is variable, with history. He proposes the chronotope, as space-time, as the implicit image of thought, one riddled with philosophical cries, and that the problematic of this fourth seminar on cinema will be precisely the theme of “what is philosophy?’, undertaken from the perspective of this encounter between the image of thought and the cinematographic image.

For archival purposes, the English translations are based on the original transcripts from Paris 8, all of which have been revised with reference to the BNF recordings available thanks to Hidenobu Suzuki, and with the generous assistance of Marc Haas.

English Translation

Edited
Godard, Bande a part
Jean-Luc Godard, Bande à part (Band of Outsiders), France, 1964.

 

Emphasizing again the ambitions of cinema’s misunderstood pioneers, Deleuze speaks to the need to examine the linguistic question in cinema as it relates to “universal language” as well as a possible new relationship between thought and cinema. He first focuses on the different facets of the automatic nature of the cinematographic image, i.e., its connections to unconscious and subconscious mechanisms of thought and psychological automatism, linking this development (through Spinoza and Leibniz) to Valéry’s Monsieur Teste and to Heidegger, thereby deriving through a kind of thought-shock, a noochoc, two types of automata – psychic and spiritual — corresponding to the image of thought. Then, with reference to reflections on depth of field from Alexandre Astruc, Deleuze starts to study the consequences of mutations in the image of thought within the cinema-thought relationship. First outlining a series of four mutations — first, the substitution of belief for knowledge (le savoir); second, substitution of an outside for an intimate sense or an inside; third, reversal of relations between thought and the bod; fourth, mutation of our relations with the brain – Deleuze indicates diverse corresponding examples in cinema, and then provide corresponding pairs of philosophical examples: Pascal and Hume; Kant and Fichte; Kierkegaard and Nietzsche; Charles Renouvier and Jules Lequier. He limits himself to Hume and Kant, leading him to present the contemporary breakdown, both internal and external, of our belief in the world, referring to the revolution in the interior monologue created by Dos Passos. With cinema as a possiblev attempt to return us to a belief in the world, he refers to Godard’s work for whom the world itself is “cinéma”, and also proposes Rossellini as a filmmaker who lived this example and who demanded from art an ethics, that is, a way to create a link between humans and this world, through a “cinema of belief”, not a “cinema of knowledge”. [Much of this development corresponds to section 2 of The Time-Image, chapter 7.]

Gilles Deleuze

Seminar on Cinema and Thought, 1984-1985

Lecture 02, 06 November 1984 (Cinema Course 68)

Transcription: La voix de Deleuze, Noé Schur (1ère partie); SD, transcription, correction and revision (2ème partie), et Clara Ghislain (3ème partie); additional revisions to the transcription and time stamp, Charles J. Stivale

English Translation Forthcoming

Notes

For archival purposes, the augmented and new time stamped version of the complete transcription was completed in August 2021. Additional revisions were added in February 2024 and, thanks to the translators’ corrections, in October 2024.

Lectures in this Seminar

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Reading Date: October 30, 1984
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Reading Date: November 6, 1984
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